Agitation in Alzheimer Disease: A Comprehensive Guide for Primary Care

Agitation is a common and challenging behavioral symptom in dementia that primary care providers frequently encounter. Characterized by increased motor activity, restlessness, verbal or physical aggression, and emotional distress^1,2, agitation affects a large proportion of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) as the illness progresses. Studies estimate that 30–50% of patients with AD experience agitation, with some reports suggesting it may occur in up to 76% of patients over the disease course^1,3. These behaviors are more than just stressful episodes: agitation is one of the leading causes of nursing home placement and is associated with accelerated functional decline in AD³. For primary care clinicians on the frontlines of dementia care, effectively managing agitation can improve quality of life for patients and caregivers and potentially delay institutionalization.

Primary care’s role

According to a 2020 survey by the Alzheimer’s Association, 82% of primary care physicians feel they are on the front lines of providing critical elements of dementia care to patients, and 53% are receiving questions related to Alzheimer’s or other dementias from older patients every few days.⁴ Primary providers often monitor patients longitudinally and serve as the first point of contact when troubling behaviors arise. Knowing how to address signs of agitation and evaluate for underlying causes and modifiable triggers can be the difference in providing essential care for patients experiencing cognitive decline.

While primary care providers play a crucial role in screening and initial management, though, it is important to note that treating agitation in Alzheimer disease often exceeds the scope of routine primary care practice. Coordination with specialists (e.g., psychiatry, geriatrics, neurology) is strongly recommended, particularly for complex or refractory cases.

This article provides an in-depth look at agitation in AD, including its causes, evidence-based management strategies, and practical tips, with a focus on what multidisciplinary primary care teams can do to help patients and families.

Understanding agitation in Alzheimer disease

Agitation in AD is part of the broader spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, sometimes also called neuropsychiatric symptoms.⁴ These can include wandering, anxiety, depression, aggression, and agitation, among others.

Symptoms of agitation in patients with AD can be categorized as “hyperactive” or “hypoactive.”⁵

Hyperactive symptoms of agitation include⁵:

• Verbal or physical agitation
• Aggression
• Mood disturbances, including anxiety, irritability, and emotional lability
• Disinhibited behavior, such as inappropriate comments or gestures, disrobing, intruding into others’ space, or hyperverbal behavior

Hypoactive symptoms of agitation include⁵:

• Apathy
• Abulia
• Disengagement from activities
• Poor oral intake
• Poor self-care
• Depression
• Hypersomnia

Agitation in patients with AD can be persistent and disruptive to caregiving; for example, a previously calm individual with AD might suddenly become combative, or experience confusion and aggression late in the day, also known as sundowning.^5,6

How common is it?

Studies estimate that 60–75% of patients with early to middle-stage AD experience agitation, with higher prevalence in more advanced stages. In nursing home settings, up to 80% of residents with dementia may exhibit agitation.¹ In fact, alongside apathy and depression, agitation ranks among the top three neuropsychiatric symptoms in frequency.¹ Practically speaking, over the course of AD, most patients will experience agitation or other behavioral disturbances.³

Why it matters

Agitation can sometimes be a sign of unmet needs or an underlying medical issue, which, if addressed, can substantially improve the patient’s condition.⁷ Beyond the immediate distress it causes, agitation can have significant consequences. It creates safety risks,⁷ raises caregiver stress and burnout, and often precipitates the decision to seek higher-level care, with research indicating that agitation and related behaviors correlate with faster functional decline and greater health care utilization.³ Effectively managing agitation can help patients remain in the home setting longer and improve their overall well-being. 

Causes and triggers of agitation in Alzheimer disease

While Alzheimer’s pathology in the brain contributes to behavioral changes, agitation is often triggered by external or medical factors superimposed on the dementia. Primary care providers should investigate and address these potential triggers whenever a patient exhibits new or worsening agitation. Common causes and triggers of agitation include:

• Pain or discomfort: Patients with dementia may have difficulty articulating pain, so it may manifest as restlessness or aggression.¹ Assess for sources of pain or physical discomfort, such as constipation, urinary retention, or uncomfortable environment temperatures.⁸
• Acute medical illnesses: Infections, such as urinary tract infections, or other illnesses, such as respiratory diseases, can lead to delirium, provoking sudden agitation¹. If a change in mental status is abrupt, looking into an infection or metabolic disturbance could be warranted.
• Medication side effects or interactions: Medications with anticholinergic activity, sedatives, or polypharmacy interactions can cause confusion and agitation.¹ Similarly, withdrawal from certain substances, such as alcohol can trigger agitation¹.
• Environmental and psychological stressors: Changes in routine or surroundings can be very destabilizing for someone with dementia. Relocations, hospitalizations, travel, or new caregivers may prompt agitation^1,8. Excess sensory stimulation, such as loud noises, crowded or cluttered environments, or too much activity, can overwhelm a person with AD and lead to agitation.⁸ Conversely, loneliness or a lack of stimulation can also be a trigger for restless, agitated behaviors.⁷  A familiar, calming environment and a structured but simple daily routine can help provide stability.⁸
• Misperceived threats and confusion: People with AD often misinterpret what they see and hear. For instance, they might not recognize a family member and feel threatened or become frightened by unfamiliar stimuli. This fear and confusion can manifest as agitation or aggression.^1,7 Ensuring adequate lighting (to reduce shadows in the evening), using simple communication, and avoiding startling the patient can help prevent an escalation.⁸
• Underlying depression or psychiatric symptoms: Depression, anxiety, mania, or psychosis in a patient with AD can present as increased irritability and agitation.¹ Sundowning, where confusion and irritability worsen in late afternoon/evening, might relate to circadian rhythm disruptions and environmental cues.⁶

In practice, a primary care provider should perform a thorough evaluation for any patient with new or worsening agitation. This means talking with caregivers and asking targeted questions: Has there been a change in daily routine or environment? Any recent falls or signs of pain? Does the patient seem sick or have fever? Did the patient start, stop, or change any medications?

Addressing a trigger such as treating an infection, relieving pain, or adjusting a medication can improve agitation in patients with AD.⁹ If those potential contributing factors are ruled out and agitation is deemed to stem from AD itself, then focus on nonpharmacological interventions as the first-line approach.⁹

Nonpharmacological strategies for managing agitation

Nonpharmacological interventions are the first-line defense in managing symptoms of agitation in AD.¹ These strategies target the patient’s environment and daily routine, as well as caregiver approach and communication. Primary care providers should educate families and caregivers on these techniques and, when possible, connect them with resources to implement behavior management plans.

Key nonpharmacologic strategies include:

• Creating a calm, familiar environment: Minimize triggers like loud noises, clutter, or crowds. Maintaining a consistent daily routine can provide a sense of security. Avoid sudden changes in surroundings. If the patient becomes agitated, consider moving them to a quieter space or reducing background stimuli, such as turning off a nearby television or music.⁸ A calm, well-lit environment, especially in the evening to mitigate sundowning, can help soothe agitation.⁸
• Monitoring personal comfort and needs: Caregivers should use a checklist to ensure basic needs are met. Pain, hunger, thirst, a full bladder, constipation, fatigue, or feeling cold/hot can all cause distress.⁸ Addressing these promptly can preempt agitation episodes.
• Using clear, reassuring communication: When the person is upset, caregivers should stay calm, speak slowly and softly, and offer reassurance. Arguing or raising one’s voice will escalate agitation. Instead, validate the person’s feelings and offer simple words of comfort.⁸
• Engaging in calming activities and exercise: Physical and mental activities can diffuse agitation by redirecting the person’s energy and attention.⁸ Many patients respond well to music therapy, with recent research indicating that music interventions, especially group music sessions or personalized music playlists, significantly reduce agitation and aggressiveness in agitated patients with AD.¹ Going for a short walk, gardening, or even dancing to music can also be beneficial.⁸ Other soothing sensory activities, such as aromatherapy, bright light therapy, taking a breath of fresh air, or just sitting on a rocking chair can offer some relief.¹
• Simplifying tasks and offering guided choices: Break down activities of daily living into simple steps to avoid frustrating the patient. Offer guided choices with limited options rather than open-ended questions, which can overwhelm someone with cognitive impairment.⁸

Person-centered care can be crucial to effectively managing agitation in patients with AD.¹ These personalized, nonpharmacologic measures may require patience and trial-and-error, but they are effective and do not carry the risks of medications.

Pharmacological treatment of agitation in Alzheimer disease

When behavioral and environmental strategies are insufficient or the patient’s agitation poses a safety risk to themselves or others, carefully considered pharmacotherapy may be necessary.¹⁰ Providers should approach medication for agitation cautiously, as no medication is without side effects in this vulnerable population. However, there are scenarios, such as severe aggression, psychosis, or distress that is unrelieved by alternative measures, where medications can provide relief and prevent harm.¹⁰ Pharmacologic treatment should also be considered when agitation is linked to psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression, panic depression, or especially psychosis, which may require a different therapeutic approach.

Current evidence-based pharmacologic options to treat agitation in AD include:

• Antipsychotic medications (off-label and approved use): For many years, low-dose atypical antipsychotics have been used off-label to manage severe agitation and aggression in dementia. Risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and others can modestly improve agitation in the short term.⁸ However, antipsychotics carry significant risks: the FDA mandates a black box warning about increased mortality in elderly dementia patients on antipsychotics, mostly due to cardiovascular or infectious causes.⁵ There is also risk of stroke, extrapyramidal side effects, sedation, and metabolic effects.⁵ Regular monitoring and attempts at tapering/discontinuation are recommended once symptoms are stable.¹ One antipsychotic has now obtained FDA approval specifically for agitation in AD: brexpiprazole.¹¹ In 2023, brexpiprazole became the first FDA-approved treatment for agitation in dementia due to AD.¹¹ This approval was based on two clinical trials showing that brexpiprazole at 2–3 mg/day led to statistically significant reductions in agitation compared to placebo.¹¹ A recent study in Japan further reinforced brexpiprazole’s efficacy in reducing agitation symptoms in Alzheimer’s patients. Brexpiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic, so it still carries similar warnings and side effects, but its approval offers a new option when medication is truly needed.^8,11
• Antidepressants (SSRIs): Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as citalopram and sertraline, hare frequently used to treat agitation in patients with AD, especially when depression, anxiety, or panic symptoms are present. However, evidence for their efficacy is mixed.The S-CitAD trial, a large NIH-funded randomized controlled trial, did not demonstrate a significant difference in agitation outcomes with escitalopram compared to placebo, highlighting the variability of response in this population.¹³ SSRIs are not FDA-approved specifically for agitation in dementia but may be considered when psychiatric comorbidities exist.¹¹
• Other medications: A few other agents have evidence for reducing agitation in certain cases:
   
  • Dextromethorphan-quinidine: This combination therapy, approved for pseudobulbar affect, has shown promise for managing agitation in individuals with dementia.¹² In the only randomized controlled trial to date, dextromethorphan-quinidine significantly reduced agitation compared to placebo and was generally well tolerated.¹²
  • Dextromethorphan-bupropion (AXS-05): AXS-05 is an investigational agent combining dextromethorphan with bupropion to enhance bioavailability. Preliminary clinical trial data suggest it may reduce agitation in patients with AD, particularly when depression is also present.¹⁴ Further research is ongoing.
  • Benzodiazepines: Benzodiazepines (BDZs) may be considered for short-term symptomatic relief of acute agitation, particularly in cases of severe distress. However, they are generally avoided for long-term use due to risks such as falls, confusion, sedation, and cognitive decline.¹⁵ Although BDZs enhance GABAergic activity—which is often reduced in AD—and may have theoretical neuroprotective effects, their adverse effects outweigh benefits for most patients.¹⁵ Agents like lorazepam are especially problematic with prolonged use and require careful monitoring and tapering.¹⁵
  • Anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers: Evidence for anticonvulsants in managing agitation and aggression in Alzheimer’s disease is limited and mixed. Small placebo-controlled studies suggest carbamazepine may offer modest benefit, but its use requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects.¹⁵ In contrast, oxcarbazepine showed no benefit in a trial involving institutionalized patients and was associated with more frequent adverse effects.¹⁵ Valproate has not demonstrated efficacy in randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses.¹³ Other anticonvulsants, such as gabapentin, levetiracetam, topiramate, and lamotrigine, have only limited data from case reports or small series.¹⁵ These agents are not recommended as first-line treatments and should be considered only under specialist supervision.
  • Beta-blockers and others: Small studies have explored propranolol (a beta blocker) for agitation, and prazosin (an alpha-1 blocker) in patients with AD-related agitation, with some positive findings.^16,17 These remain experimental options and are not standard care, may be considered in refractory cases. Cannabinoids and synthetic THC are also being researched; while some trials of oral cannabinoids suggested possible calming effects, there is no consensus yet and potential side effects like sedation or hallucinations are concerning.¹⁸

General guidelines when using medications

Pharmacologic management of agitation should ideally involve collaboration with specialists—particularly geriatric psychiatrists—due to the complexity of monitoring for side effects, adjusting dosing, and evaluating efficacy. In most cases, prescribing and titration should not fall solely to primary care unless specialist support is unavailable.

If beginning a discussion with a patient or caregiver on medication, follow the American Psychiatric Association (APA)’s guidelines:

• Begin antipsychotic medication at a low dose, titrating slowly to the minimum effective dose as tolerated.¹⁸ 
• Document the specific target symptoms and use a quantitative tool to assess response over time.¹⁹ 
• Pharmacologic treatment should always be paired with person-centered nonpharmacologic strategies; medications are adjuncts, not replacements, for quality caregiving.¹⁹ 
• Once symptoms stabilize, attempt to taper and withdraw the medication within 4 months, unless previous tapering attempts led to recurrence.¹⁹ If there is no meaningful improvement after a 4-week trial at an adequate dose, the antipsychotic should be discontinued.¹⁹ 
• Before switching or adding medications, reassess the diagnosis, the impact of nonpharmacologic efforts, and consult guidelines or specialists as needed.¹⁹

Primary care management, follow-up, and referral

Managing agitation in Alzheimer disease is an ongoing process rather than a one-time fix. Primary care providers play an important coordinating role in this process. Key aspects of longitudinal management include:

• Regular monitoring and anticipatory guidance: Once an agitation management plan is in place, schedule frequent check-ins with the patient’s caregiver to monitor progress.²⁰ Ask at every visit about the patient’s behavior. By actively inquiring, clinicians can detect early if interventions are losing effectiveness or if new issues have arisen.²⁰ Document the pattern of agitation (time of day, frequency, severity) to help tailor interventions and track improvement over time.
• Caregiver support and education: Providers should ensure caregivers are educated about the progression of dementia, the commonality of agitation, and the nonpharmacologic strategies that should be prioritized. Educating caregivers on how to monitor for triggers, practice calming communication, and engage patients in structured, soothing activities is crucial.⁸ Connecting caregivers to local or national dementia resources and support networks may help mitigate burnout and improve care continuity.^8,21
• Specialist referral: For patients with Alzheimer’s-related agitation that is severe, persistent, or refractory to first-line nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions, it is advisable to involve a specialist such as a neurologist, psychiatrist, or geriatrician.²² These specialists can assist in confirming the diagnosis, optimizing and adjusting medications, assessing for comorbid psychiatric conditions, and exploring less common or second-line treatments when standard options fail.²³ In particular, the use of emerging interventions (e.g. cannabinoids, dextromethorphan-quinidine, or prazosin) for difficult agitation should be guided by a specialist, as recommended by current clinical guidelines.²³
• When to consider higher-level care: If an individual’s agitation becomes unmanageable at home despite appropriate behavioral strategies and medications, it may be necessary to escalate to a higher level of care.²⁴ This can include arranging for in-home professional caregivers or aides, or considering placement in an assisted living facility or nursing home that can provide closer supervision. Escalating care level is often a necessary step once agitation signals that the current home setting is no longer sufficient to meet the patient’s needs and ensure safety.²⁴
• Follow ethical and legal guidelines: When using antipsychotic medications, follow APA guideline recommendations: ensure informed discussions with the patient (when possible) and their caretaker, especially when initiating, continuing, or tapering medications.¹⁹ Document the rationale, review benefits and risks, and reassess regularly.¹⁹ Attempt to taper antipsychotic medications within 4 months of initiation if symptoms are stable.¹⁹

Conclusion

Agitation in Alzheimer disease is complex, distressing, and common—but also manageable. With careful evaluation, nonpharmacologic prioritization, and judicious medication use when necessary, primary care providers can play a powerful role in supporting caretakers and extending patients’ ability to remain in the home environment.

Frequently Asked Questions about Agitation in Alzheimer Disease

What causes agitation in Alzheimer’s disease?

Agitation in AD may be triggered by a wide range of factors layered onto the underlying brain changes of dementia. These include pain, infections, medication side effects, environmental overstimulation or disorientation, misperceived threats, and psychiatric comorbidities like depression or psychosis. Agitation may also stem from unmet basic needs or disruptions in familiar routines.^1-8

How can we manage Alzheimer’s agitation without medication?

Nonpharmacologic strategies are the first-line approach for agitation in AD.¹ These include maintaining a calm, structured environment; reducing noise and clutter; ensuring basic comfort needs are met (e.g., hunger, pain, temperature); engaging in calming activities like music or walks; and using reassuring, simple communication.⁸ Personalized care, tailored to the individual’s preferences and history, enhances effectiveness and avoids unnecessary medication.^1,8

What medications are used to treat agitation in Alzheimer’s disease?

When nonpharmacologic strategies are insufficient or the agitation poses a safety risk, pharmacologic treatment may be considered. Options include:

• Antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone, brexpiprazole) for severe agitation or aggression. Risperidone is used off-label, while brexpiprazole was FDA-approved in 2023 for agitation in AD.^9,11
• SSRIs (e.g., citalopram, sertraline) are helpful in patients with underlying depression or anxiety.¹¹
• Dextromethorphan-quinidine has shown benefit in reducing agitation in a clinical trial.¹²
• Other agents such as benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, and beta blockers may be considered under specialist guidance.^15-17

All medications should be paired with nonpharmacologic strategies and monitored closely for effectiveness and side effects.¹⁹

How should primary care providers involve caregivers in managing agitation?

Caregivers are essential partners in managing agitation. Providers should educate them about the condition, help them identify potential triggers (e.g., pain, environmental changes), and teach calming communication techniques.8 Caregivers should receive anticipatory guidance and support, and be engaged in follow-up care. Regular check-ins allow providers to adjust interventions and support caregiver well-being.^8,20-22

When should we consider referring to a specialist or using professional care for agitation?

Referral is appropriate when agitation is severe, recurrent, or unresponsive to standard strategies, or when complex psychiatric symptoms are present.^22-24 If agitation poses a safety risk or exceeds what the home setting can manage, consider escalating to higher-level care, such as in-home aides or a long-term care facility.²⁴ Agitation is a leading cause of institutionalization in patients with AD.³

References:

1. Carrarini C, Russo M, Dono F, et al. Agitation and dementia: prevention and treatment strategies in acute and chronic conditions. Front Neurol. 2021;12:644317. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.644317
2. Sano M, Cummings J, Auer S, Bergh S, Fischer CE, Gerritsen D, Grossberg G, Ismail Z, Lanctôt K, Lapid MI, Mintzer J, Palm R, Rosenberg PB, Splaine M, Zhong K, Zhu CW. Agitation in cognitive disorders: Progress in the International Psychogeriatric Association consensus clinical and research definition. Int Psychogeriatr. 2024;36(4):238-250. doi:10.1017/S1041610222001041
3. Jones E, Sanon Aigbogun M, Pike J, et al. Agitation in dementia: real-world impact and burden on patients and the healthcare system. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;83(1):89–101. doi:10.3233/JAD-210105
4. Alzheimer’s Association. Primary care physicians on the front lines of diagnosing and providing Alzheimer’s and dementia care: half say medical profession not prepared to meet expected increase in demands. News release. March 11, 2020. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.alz.org/news/2020/primary-care-physicians-on-the-front-lines-of-diagnosing-and-providing-alzheimer-s-and-dementia-care
5. Koenig AM, Arnold SE, Streim JE. Agitation and irritability in Alzheimer’s disease: evidenced-based treatments and the black-box warning. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(1):3. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0640-7
6. St. John’s Senior Services. Recognizing and managing sundowning symptoms in loved ones with dementia. Dementia Resource Center. Published March 12, 2025. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://dementia.stjohnsliving.org/recognizing-and-managing-sundowning-symptoms-in-loved-ones-with-dementia/
7. National Institute on Aging. Alzheimer’s caregiving: managing personality and behavior changes. National Institute on Aging. Published July 11, 2024. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-changes-behavior-and-communication/alzheimers-caregiving-managing-personality-and-behavior-changes
8. Alzheimer’s Association. Anxiety & agitation. Alzheimer’s Association. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.alz.org/help-support/caregiving/stages-behaviors/anxiety-agitation
9. Grossberg GT, Halsey G. Pearls for primary care: how to talk about agitation in Alzheimer disease with caregivers. Patient Care Online. Published December 4, 2024. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/pearls-for-primary-care-how-to-talk-about-agitation-in-alzheimer-disease-with-caregivers
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11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first drug to treat agitation symptoms associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. News release. May 11, 2023. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-treat-agitation-symptoms-associated-dementia-due-alzheimers-disease
12. Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alsayegh AA, et al. Insights on benzodiazepines’ potential in Alzheimer’s disease. Life Sci. 2023;320:121532. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121532
13. Ehrhardt S, Porsteinsson AP, Munro CA, et al. Escitalopram for agitation in Alzheimer's disease (S-CitAD): Methods and design of an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(11):1427-1436. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4946
14. Ward K, Citrome L. AXS-05: an investigational treatment for Alzheimer's disease-associated agitation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2022;31(8):773-780. doi:10.1080/13543784.2022.2096006
15. Carrarini C, Russo M, Dono F, et al. Agitation and dementia: prevention and treatment strategies in acute and chronic conditions. Front Neurol. 2021;12:644317. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.644317
16. Tampi RR, Tampi DJ, Farheen SA, Ochije SI, Joshi P. Propranolol for the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Drugs Context. 2022;11:2022-8-3. doi:10.7573/dic.2022-8-3
17. Tampi RR, Tampi DJ, Farheen SA, Adnan M, Dasarathy D. Prazosin for the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Drugs Context. 2022;11:2022-3-3. doi:10.7573/dic.2022-3-3
18. Goveas JS. Commentary on “Cannabinoids for Agitation in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;29(12):1264–1266. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.03.004.
19. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890426807.ap02.
20. Atri A, Dickerson BC, Clevenger C, et al. Alzheimer’s Association clinical practice guideline for the diagnostic evaluation, testing, counseling, and disclosure of suspected Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (DETeCD-ADRD): executive summary of recommendations for primary care. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(6):e14333. doi:10.1002/alz.14333
21. Alzheimer’s Association. Treatments for behavior. Alzheimer’s Association. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/treatments/treatments-for-behavior
22. The Alzheimer’s Project Clinical Roundtable (Champions For Health). Physician guidelines for the screening, evaluation, and management of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Champions For Health; December 2018. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://championsforhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/CFH-Alzheimers-Project-Booklet-112718-LR.pdf
23. The Alzheimer’s Project Clinical Roundtable (Champions For Health). Physician guidelines for the screening, evaluation, and management of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. 4th ed. San Diego, CA: Champions For Health; June 2024. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://championsforhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Alzheimers-Clinical-Guidelines-2024-Booklet-WEB.pdf
24. Florida Department of Elder Affairs. Alzheimer’s disease initiative (ADI). In: Programs & Services Handbook. 2023 ed. Tallahassee, FL: Florida DOEA; 2023: Chapter 10. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://elderaffairs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023-Chapter-10-Alzheimers-Disease-Initiative.pdf

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